What process do white blood cells use to defend the body from infectious bacteria?

White blood cells utilize phagocytosis as a critical process to defend the body against infectious bacteria. Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis specifically designed for the uptake and internalization of large particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.

During phagocytosis, white blood cells—such as macrophages and neutrophils—recognize pathogens. The cell membrane extends to encircle the bacteria, forming a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. This phagosome then fuses with lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes. The enzymes break down the engulfed bacteria, effectively neutralizing the threat and allowing the white blood cell to clear the infection.

This process is essential for the immune response, as it not only eliminates pathogens but also signals other immune cells to respond, thereby orchestrating a more extensive immune defense strategy. Phagocytosis is a fundamental mechanism that underscores the body's ability to maintain health by recognizing and eliminating harmful microorganisms.