What term is used to describe the process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller components?

The process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller components is referred to as catabolism. This term specifically describes the metabolic pathways that involve the degradation of complex molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, into simpler molecules. Catabolism is essential for producing energy; it releases energy stored in chemical bonds, which can then be harnessed for various cellular processes.

In contrast, the other terms have different meanings. Anabolism refers to the synthetic phase of metabolism where smaller molecules are built into larger, more complex ones, often requiring energy input. Metabolism encompasses both catabolism and anabolism, representing the overall chemical processes occurring within a living organism. Synthesis specifically refers to the process of creating complex compounds from simpler ones, synonymous with anabolism. Thus, catabolism is the correct term for the breakdown of larger molecules, highlighting its role in energy production and resource recycling within the body.