Which process is responsible for the synthesis of proteins from mRNA?

The synthesis of proteins from messenger RNA (mRNA) is known as translation. During this process, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA and translates it into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain, ultimately creating a protein. Translation takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, where ribosomes facilitate the assembly of amino acids in the order specified by the sequence of codons on the mRNA.

In this context, transcription refers to the process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template, which is an essential step that occurs before translation. Replication involves the duplication of the entire DNA molecule during cell division. Transformation is a method of genetic alteration in which a cell takes up foreign DNA, which is unrelated to the direct process of protein synthesis. Thus, translation is the correct answer as it directly encompasses the process of creating proteins from mRNA.